Input output circuit and electrostatic discharge protection circuit

ABSTRACT

An input output circuit and an electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection circuit are provided. The ESD protection circuit is adapted to a charged-device model (CDM). The ESD protection circuit includes a bipolar junction transistor (BJT). The BJT has a first end coupled to an input end of an input buffer and an output end of an output buffer. A second end of the BJT is coupled to a first ground rail. A control end of the BJT is coupled to one of a first power rail, a second power rail, the first ground rail and a second ground rail.

BACKGROUND Technical Field

The disclosure relates to an input output circuit and an electrostaticdischarge protection circuit, and particularly relates to an inputoutput circuit and an electrostatic discharge protection circuit thatreduce voltage stress during an electrostatic discharge test.

Description of Related Art

Conventionally, when an electrostatic discharge protection operation fora charged-device model is performed on an input output circuit, a metaloxide semiconductor field-effect transistor with a grounded gate isoften used to provide a drain path for an electrostatic dischargecurrent. However, during an electrostatic discharge test, especially ina negative voltage mode, excessive voltage stress is likely to occur atthe drain and source of the metal oxide semiconductor field-effecttransistor with the grounded gate, thus causing damage to the metaloxide semiconductor field-effect transistor with the grounded gate. As aresult, an internal circuit of an integrated circuit cannot be wellprotected and the reliability of the circuit is reduced.

SUMMARY

The disclosure provides an electrostatic discharge protection circuit inwhich a transistor performing a current draining operation can beprotected from damage due to excessive voltage.

An electrostatic discharge protection circuit of the disclosure isadapted to a charged-device model. The electrostatic dischargeprotection circuit includes a bipolar junction transistor. The bipolarjunction transistor has a first end coupled to an input end of an inputbuffer and an output end of an output buffer. A second end of thebipolar junction transistor is coupled to a first ground rail. A controlend of the bipolar junction transistor is coupled to one of a firstpower rail, a second power rail, the first ground rail and a secondground rail. The input buffer receives first operating power and a firstground voltage respectively through the first power rail and the firstground rail. The output buffer receives second operating power and asecond ground voltage respectively through the second power rail and thesecond ground rail.

An input output circuit of the disclosure includes an input buffer, anoutput buffer, and the electrostatic discharge protection circuit asdescribed above.

Based on the above, in the disclosure, the bipolar junction transistoris connected between the output buffer and the input buffer. Accordingto the type (PNP or NPN) of the bipolar junction transistor, the controlend (base) of the bipolar junction transistor is coupled to the firstpower rail, the second power rail, the first ground rail or the secondground rail. By using the characteristics of the bipolar junctiontransistor, in an electrostatic discharge state of the charged-devicemodel, a voltage difference between the first end and the second end(i.e., between the collector and the emitter) of the bipolar junctiontransistor can be reduced, such that voltage stress applied on thebipolar junction transistor is reduced and the risk of damage to thebipolar junction transistor is eliminated.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic diagram of an input output circuitaccording to an embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 2 illustrates a schematic diagram of an input output circuitaccording to another embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 3 illustrates a schematic diagram of an input output circuitaccording to another embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 4 illustrates a schematic diagram of an input output circuitaccording to another embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 5 illustrates a schematic diagram of an input output circuitaccording to another embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 6 illustrates a schematic diagram of an input output circuitaccording to another embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 7A and FIG. 7B respectively illustrate schematic diagrams ofimplementations of a voltage clamp circuit in an electrostatic dischargeprotection circuit according to an embodiment of the disclosure.

DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

Referring to FIG. 1 , FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic diagram of an inputoutput circuit according to an embodiment of the disclosure. An inputoutput circuit 100 includes an electrostatic discharge protectioncircuit 110, an input buffer 120, and an output buffer 130. In thepresent embodiment, the input buffer 120 is coupled to a first powerrail PL1 and a first ground rail GL1, and receives operating power VCCand a ground voltage VSS respectively through the first power rail PL1and the first ground rail GL1. The output buffer 130 is coupled to asecond power rail PL2 and a second ground rail GL2, and receivesoperating power VCCQ and a ground voltage VSSQ respectively through thesecond power rail PL2 and the second ground rail GL2. In presentembodiment, when an electrostatic discharge (ESD) event is occurred, theinput buffer 120 may be configured to be a part of the electrostaticdischarge protection circuit.

The input buffer 120 includes transistors MP1 and MN1. A first end ofthe transistor MP1 is coupled to the first power rail PL1; a second endof the transistor MP1 is coupled to a first end of the transistor MN1; acontrol end of the transistor MP1 forms an input end IE of the inputbuffer 120 and is coupled to a control end of the transistor MN1. Asecond end of the transistor MN1 is coupled to the first ground railGL1. The output buffer 130 includes transistors MP2 and MN2. A first endof the transistor MP2 is coupled to the second power rail PL2; a secondend of the transistor MP2 is coupled to the first end of the transistorMN1 and forms an output end OE of the output buffer 130, in which theoutput end OE of the output buffer 130 is connected to a pad PAD; acontrol end of the transistor MP2 receives a control signal PU. Acontrol end of the transistor MN2 receives a control signal PD, and asecond end of the transistor MN2 is coupled to the second ground railGL2.

The electrostatic discharge protection circuit 110 includes a bipolarjunction transistor (BJT) T1. In the present embodiment, a first end(collector) of the bipolar junction transistor T1 is coupled to theinput end IE of the input buffer 120, a second end (emitter) of thebipolar junction transistor T1 is coupled to the first ground rail GL1,and a control end (base) of the bipolar junction transistor T1 iscoupled to the second ground rail GL2. It is noted that the bipolarjunction transistor T1 in the present embodiment is an NPN transistor.

The electrostatic discharge protection circuit 110 further includes aresistor ESD_R and a voltage clamp circuit 111. The resistor ESD_R iscoupled between the input end IE of the input buffer 120 and the outputend OE of the output buffer 130. In addition, the voltage clamp circuit111 is coupled between the first ground rail GL1 and the second groundrail GL2.

When an electrostatic discharge test for a charged-device model isperformed on the input output circuit 100, the bipolar junctiontransistor T1 may be turned on and used to clamp a voltage on the inputend IE of the input buffer 120, so as to protect the input buffer 120from damage. Besides, in present embodiment, a current direction in apositive voltage test mode of human body model (HBM) is same to acurrent direction in a negative voltage test mode of charged-devicemodel (CDM), and a current direction in a negative voltage test mode ofHBM is same to a current direction in a positive voltage test mode ofCDM. Such as that, in present embodiment, the test modes of the positivevoltage and the negative voltage for CDM, can also be respectivelyapplied to the test modes of the negative voltage and the positivevoltage for HBM.

In detail, in a negative voltage test mode, the transistor MN2 may beturned on, and a current drain path may be formed from the pad PAD,through the transistor MN2, the second ground rail GL2, the voltageclamp circuit 111 to the first ground rail GL1. In addition, the bipolarjunction transistor T1 is also turned on, and another current drain pathmay be formed from the pad PAD, through the resistor ESD_R, the bipolarjunction transistor T1 to the first ground rail GL1. It is worth notingthat, since an electrostatic discharge current may flow from the secondground rail GL2 to the first ground rail GL1 through the voltage clampcircuit 111, the ground voltage VSSQ on the second ground rail GL2 maybe greater than the ground voltage VSS on the first ground rail GL1. Atthis time, a p-n junction between the control end (base) and the secondend (emitter) of the bipolar junction transistor T1 may limit a voltagedifference between the ground voltage VSSQ and the ground voltage VSSfrom being too large, thereby effectively reducing voltage stressapplied between the first end and the second end of the bipolar junctiontransistor T1, and reducing the possibility of damage to the bipolarjunction transistor T1.

On the other hand, in a positive voltage test mode, the transistor MN2may be turned on, and a current drain path may be formed from the firstground rail GL1, through the voltage clamp circuit 111, the secondground rail GL2, the transistor MN2 to the pad PAD. In addition, thebipolar junction transistor T1 is also turned on, and another currentdischarge path may be formed from the first ground rail GL1, through thebipolar junction transistor T1, the resistor ESD_R to the pad PAD, so asto achieve the electrostatic discharge protection effect.

In addition, in the present embodiment, the transistors MP1 and MP2 areP-type metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors, and thetransistors MN1 and MN2 are N-type metal oxide semiconductorfield-effect transistors. In addition, a bulk of the transistor MN2 inthe output buffer 130 is coupled to the first ground rail GL1 to receivethe ground voltage VSS.

On the other hand, in the present embodiment, the control end of thebipolar junction transistor T1 is not necessarily coupled to the secondground rail GL2 and may be coupled to the first ground rail GL1.

Referring to FIG. 2 , FIG. 2 illustrates a schematic diagram of an inputoutput circuit according to another embodiment of the disclosure. Aninput output circuit 200 includes an electrostatic discharge protectioncircuit 210, an input buffer 220, and an output buffer 230. In thepresent embodiment, the input buffer 220 is coupled to the first powerrail PL1 and the first ground rail GL1, and receives the operating powerVCC and the ground voltage VSS respectively through the first power railPL1 and the first ground rail GL1. The output buffer 130 is coupled tothe second power rail PL2 and the second ground rail GL2, and receivesthe operating power VCCQ and the ground voltage VSSQ respectivelythrough the second power rail PL2 and the second ground rail GL2. Theinput buffer 220 is composed of the transistors MP1 and MN1, and theoutput buffer 230 is composed of the transistors MP2 and MN2.

The electrostatic discharge protection circuit 210 includes the bipolarjunction transistor T1, the resistor ESD_R and a voltage clamp circuit211. The coupling relationship of the circuit is similar to that in theembodiment of FIG. 1 , and will not be described in detail herein.

A difference from the embodiment of FIG. 1 is that, in the embodiment ofthe disclosure, a diode D1 may be formed between the first end and thesecond end of the bipolar junction transistor T1. An anode of the diodeD1 is coupled to the first ground rail GL1, and a cathode of the diodeD1 may be coupled to the input end IE of the input buffer 220. The diodeD1 may be used to enhance reverse current drain ability and improve theelectrostatic discharge protection ability in the positive voltage testmode during the electrostatic discharge test for the charged-devicemodel.

Referring to FIG. 3 , FIG. 3 illustrates a schematic diagram of an inputoutput circuit according to another embodiment of the disclosure. Aninput output circuit 300 includes an electrostatic discharge protectioncircuit 310, an input buffer 320, and an output buffer 330. The inputbuffer 320 and the output buffer 330 are implemented in the same manneras the input buffers 120 and 220 and the output buffers 130 and 230 inthe embodiments of FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 , and will not be described indetail herein.

The electrostatic discharge protection circuit 310 includes the resistorESD_R, the bipolar junction transistor T1 and a voltage clamp circuit311. A difference from the embodiments of FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 is that thebipolar junction transistor T1 of the present embodiment is a PNPtransistor. The first end (emitter) of the bipolar junction transistorT1 is coupled to the input end IE of the input buffer 320, the secondend (collector) of the bipolar junction transistor T1 is coupled to thefirst ground rail GL1, and the control end (base) of the bipolarjunction transistor T1 is coupled to the second power rail PL2.

During the electrostatic discharge test, a voltage on the second powerrail PL2 may be near to the ground voltage VSSQ. Therefore, in thenegative voltage test mode for the charged-device model, the bipolarjunction transistor T1 may be turned on in response to a voltage on thepad PAD becoming higher than the ground voltage VSSQ, and a currentdrain path for electrostatic discharge is generated.

Similarly, in the positive voltage test mode for the charged-devicemodel, the bipolar junction transistor T1 may also be turned on andanother current drain path for electrostatic discharge may be generated.

Referring next to FIG. 4 , FIG. 4 illustrates a schematic diagram of aninput output circuit according to another embodiment of the disclosure.An input output circuit 400 includes an electrostatic dischargeprotection circuit 410, an input buffer 420, and an output buffer 430.The input buffer 420 and the output buffer 430 are implemented in thesame manner as the input buffer 320 and the output buffer 330 in theembodiment of FIG. 3 , and will not be described in detail herein. Adifference from the embodiment of FIG. 3 is that, in the embodiment ofthe disclosure, the diode D1 may be provided at both ends of the bipolarjunction transistor T1. The anode of the diode D1 is coupled to thefirst ground rail GL1, and the cathode of the diode D1 may be coupled tothe input end IE of the input buffer 420. The diode D1 may be used toenhance the reverse current drain ability and improve the electrostaticdischarge protection ability in the positive voltage test mode duringthe electrostatic discharge test for the charged-device model.

Referring to FIG. 5 , FIG. 5 illustrates a schematic diagram of an inputoutput circuit according to another embodiment of the disclosure. Aninput output circuit 500 includes an electrostatic discharge protectioncircuit 510, an input buffer 520, and an output buffer 530. A differencefrom the embodiment of FIG. 3 is that, in the present embodiment, thecontrol end of the bipolar junction transistor T1 in the electrostaticdischarge protection circuit 510 is coupled to the first power rail PL1.During the electrostatic discharge test, a voltage on the first powerrail PL1 may be near to the ground voltage VSS. With such aconfiguration, in the negative voltage test mode for the charged-devicemodel, the bipolar junction transistor T1 may still be turned on inresponse to the voltage on the pad PAD becoming higher than the groundvoltage VSSQ, and a current drain path for electrostatic discharge isgenerated.

Referring to FIG. 6 , FIG. 6 illustrates a schematic diagram of an inputoutput circuit according to another embodiment of the disclosure. Aninput output circuit 600 includes an electrostatic discharge protectioncircuit 610, an input buffer 620, and an output buffer 630. A differencefrom the embodiment of FIG. 5 is that, in the electrostatic dischargeprotection circuit 610 in the present embodiment, the diode D1 may beprovided at both ends of the bipolar junction transistor T1. The anodeof the diode D1 is connected to the first ground rail GL1, and thecathode of the diode D1 is connected to the input end IE of the inputbuffer 620. The diode D1 may be used to enhance the reverse currentdrain ability and improve the electrostatic discharge protection abilityin the positive voltage test mode during the electrostatic dischargetest for the charged-device model.

Referring to FIG. 7A and FIG. 7B, FIG. 7A and FIG. 7B respectivelyillustrate schematic diagrams of implementations of a voltage clampcircuit in an electrostatic discharge protection circuit according to anembodiment of the disclosure. In FIG. 7A, a voltage clamp circuit 710includes a plurality of diodes D711 to D71N and D721 to D72M. Amongthem, the diodes D711 to D71N are connected in series according to thesame polarity direction and are connected between the first ground railGL1 and the second ground rail GL2. An anode of the diode D711 may bedirectly connected to the second ground rail GL2, and a cathode of thediode D71N may be directly connected to the first ground rail GL1. Inaddition, the diodes D721 to D72M are connected in series according tothe same polarity direction and are connected between the first groundrail GL1 and the second ground rail GL2. An anode of the diode D721 maybe directly connected to the first ground rail GL1, and a cathode of thediode D72M may be directly connected to the second ground rail GL2.

In the present implementation, the number of the diodes D711 to D71N maybe the same as or different from the number of the diodes D721 to D72M.In other implementations, the number of the diodes D711 to D71N may beone, the number of the diodes D721 to D72M may also be one, and there isno other limitation.

In FIG. 7B, a voltage clamp circuit 720 includes a transmission wire WL.The transmission wire WL may provide an impedance, and a voltageclamping effect is achieved using the provided impedance.

In summary, in the disclosure, by providing a bipolar junctiontransistor in an electrostatic discharge protection circuit, and turningon the bipolar junction transistor during an electrostatic dischargetest to provide a drain path for an electrostatic discharge current, theelectrostatic discharge protection effect is achieved. In addition, whenthe bipolar junction transistor of the disclosure is turned on, avoltage difference between the collector and the emitter of the bipolarjunction transistor can be clamped through a p-n junction between thebase and the emitter of the bipolar junction transistor, such that thebipolar junction transistor is effectively protected from excessivevoltage stress and is at less risk of being damaged.

What is claimed is:
 1. An electrostatic discharge protection circuit,comprising: a bipolar junction transistor, having: a first end coupledto an input end of an input buffer and an output end of an outputbuffer, a second end coupled to a first ground rail, and a control endcoupled to one of a first power rail, a second power rail, the firstground rail and a second ground rail, wherein the input buffer receivesa first operating power and a first ground voltage respectively throughthe first power rail and the first ground rail, and the output bufferreceives a second operating power and a second ground voltagerespectively through the second power rail and the second ground rail;wherein a forward-biased diode is formed between the second end and thefirst end of the bipolar junction transistor to provide a reversecurrent drain path.
 2. The electrostatic discharge protection circuitaccording to claim 1, further comprising: a resistor, coupled between apad and the input end of the input buffer, wherein the pad is coupled tothe output end of the output buffer.
 3. The electrostatic dischargeprotection circuit according to claim 1, wherein the bipolar junctiontransistor is a PNP transistor, and the control end of the bipolarjunction transistor is coupled to the first power rail or the secondpower rail.
 4. The electrostatic discharge protection circuit accordingto claim 1, wherein the bipolar junction transistor is an NPNtransistor, and the control end of the bipolar junction transistor iscoupled to the first ground rail or the second ground rail.
 5. Theelectrostatic discharge protection circuit according to claim 1, furthercomprising: a voltage clamp circuit, coupled between the first groundrail and the second ground rail.
 6. The electrostatic dischargeprotection circuit according to claim 5, wherein the voltage clampcircuit comprises at least one first diode and at least one seconddiode, an anode of the at least one first diode is coupled to the firstground rail, a cathode of the at least one first diode is coupled to thesecond ground rail, an anode of the at least one second diode is coupledto the second ground rail, and a cathode of the at least one seconddiode is coupled to the first ground rail.
 7. The electrostaticdischarge protection circuit according to claim 1, wherein the voltageclamp circuit is a transmission wire.
 8. An input output circuit,comprising: an input buffer, receiving a first operating power and afirst ground voltage respectively through a first power rail and a firstground rail; an output buffer, receiving a second operating power and asecond ground voltage respectively through a second power rail and asecond ground rail; and an electrostatic discharge protection circuit,comprising: a bipolar junction transistor, having: a first end coupledto an input end of the input buffer and an output end of the outputbuffer, a second end coupled to the first ground rail, and a control endcoupled to one of the first power rail, the second power rail, the firstground rail and the second ground rail, wherein a forward-biased diodeis formed between the second end and the first end of the bipolarjunction transistor to provide a reverse current drain path.
 9. Theinput output circuit according to claim 8, wherein the electrostaticdischarge protection circuit further comprises a resistor, wherein theresistor is coupled between a pad and the input end of the input buffer,and the pad is coupled to the output end of the output buffer.
 10. Theinput output circuit according to claim 8, wherein the bipolar junctiontransistor is a PNP transistor, and the control end of the bipolarjunction transistor is coupled to the first power rail or the secondpower rail.
 11. The input output circuit according to claim 8, whereinthe bipolar junction transistor is an NPN transistor, and the controlend of the bipolar junction transistor is coupled to the first groundrail or the second ground rail.
 12. The input output circuit accordingto claim 8, wherein the electrostatic discharge protection circuitfurther comprises a voltage clamp circuit, wherein the voltage clampcircuit is coupled between the first ground rail and the second groundrail.
 13. The input output circuit according to claim 12, wherein thevoltage clamp circuit comprises at least one first diode and at leastone second diode, an anode of the at least one first diode is coupled tothe first ground rail, a cathode of the at least one first diode iscoupled to the second ground rail, an anode of the at least one seconddiode is coupled to the second ground rail, and a cathode of the atleast one second diode is coupled to the first ground rail.
 14. Theinput output circuit according to claim 12, wherein the voltage clampcircuit is a transmission wire.
 15. The input output circuit accordingto claim 8, wherein the input buffer comprises: a first transistor,having: a first end coupled to the first power rail, and a control endthat forms the input end of the input buffer; and a second transistor,having: a first end coupled to a second end of the first transistor, asecond end coupled to the first ground rail, and a control end coupledto the control end of the first transistor.
 16. The input output circuitaccording to claim 15, wherein the output buffer comprises: a thirdtransistor, having: a first end coupled to the second power rail, acontrol end that receives a first control signal, and a second end thatforms the output end of the output buffer; and a fourth transistor,having: a first end coupled to the second end of the third transistor, asecond end coupled to the second ground rail, and a control end coupledto a second control signal.
 17. The input output circuit according toclaim 16, wherein the first transistor, the second transistor, the thirdtransistor and the fourth transistor are metal oxide semiconductorfield-effect transistors.
 18. The input output circuit according toclaim 17, wherein a bulk of the fourth transistor is coupled to thefirst ground rail.